Taxing the rich won't come even close to the deficit spending we've had, especially since 2007 / 2008. Look at federal revenues, then look at expenses. Look at federal spending as a % of GDP. Obama got away with it because interest rates are so low. Trump, to some extent, had the same advantage. At some point, interest rates will go up, and debt service will be a major budget item.
47% or so of tax payers pay no federal income tax. When people have no skin in the game, they don't pay as much attention, or demand accountability. If you want to hold up the European model, nearly everyone has skin in the game. For the most part, they are satisfied with a simpler lifestyle than we have. But in places like Germany, a lot of their choices are taken away, like education path. They accept it. They also wonder what it would be like if they had our system.
Well if wages here were higher than maybe more people would be paying income taxes. There is the reason our wealth gap is so much bigger than their wealth gap, and that's probably explains why more of their citizens pay taxes.
I also will point out that Republicans are unnaturally focused on the federal income tax. Nearly everyone pays some kind of tax or another both state and federal. Why so much focus specifically on the federal income tax of all the taxes? Is it the fact that it's the most progressive tax we have which is upsetting to the right?