- Sep 13, 2002
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At times, Western states have put stock in and sometimes feared the “Russian steamroller.” But Russia usually has had difficulty in mobilizing its forces effectively. It has been best in defensive war, defeating Charles XII of Sweden, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Adolf Hitler with the help of General Winter. Yet it has failed at other times, and its failures have often unleashed domestic crises: the Crimean War led to the end of serfdom; the 1904-5 war against Japan was the dress rehearsal of revolution; World War I brought about the collapse of the Tsarist regime. In all three cases, Russia was ill-prepared, had a backward and sometimes corrupt military, and an authoritarian but incompetent political leadership. It turned out to be much weaker than it seemed. As a result of war, its territorial boundaries shifted. For example, after World War I, Poland was recreated largely out of Russian territory, as were the Baltic states. After the end of communism, the soviet republics became independent.