The internet is filling up with machine-generated "zombie content" designed to game algorithms and scam humans. Experts call it the "great AI flood".
www.abc.net.au
One morning in January this year, marine scientist Terry Hughes opened X (formerly Twitter) and searched for tweets about the Great Barrier Reef.
"I keep an eye on what's being tweeted about the reef every day," Professor Hughes, a leading coral researcher at James Cook University, said.
What he found that day surprised and confused him; hundreds of bot accounts tweeting the same strange message with slightly different wording.
"Wow, I had no idea that agricultural runoff could have such a devastating impact on the Great Barrier Reef," one account, which otherwise spruiked cryptocurrencies, tweeted.
Another crypto bot wrote: "Wow, it's disheartening to hear about the water pollution challenges Australia faces."
And so on. Hundreds of crypto accounts tweeting about agricultural runoff.
A month later, it happened again. This time, bots were tweeting about "marine debris" threatening the Great Barrier Reef.
What was going on?
When Professor Hughes tweeted what he'd found, some saw a disinformation conspiracy, an attempt to deflect attention from climate change.
The likely answer, however, is more mundane, but also more far-reaching in its implications.
More than a year since Elon Musk bought X with promises to get rid of the bots, the problem is worse than ever, experts say.
And this is one example of a broader problem affecting online spaces.
The internet is filling up with "zombie content" designed to game algorithms and scam humans.
It's becoming a place where bots talk to bots, and search engines crawl a lonely expanse of pages written by artificial intelligence (AI).
Junk websites clog up Google search results. Amazon is awash with nonsense e-books. YouTube has a spam problem.
And this is just a trickle in advance of what's been called the "great AI flood".
Bots liking bots, talking to other bots
But first, let's get back to those reef-tweetin' bots.
Timothy Graham, an expert on X bot networks at the Queensland University of Technology, ran the tweets through a series of bot and AI detectors.
Dr Graham found 100 per cent of the text was AI-generated.
"Overall, it appears to be a crypto bot network using AI to generate its content," he said.
"I suspect that at this stage it's just trying to recruit followers and write content that will age the fake accounts long enough to sell them or use them for another purpose."