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Catch-22s for ISU? Debt load, revenue gaps, NIL and recruiting

Taking last things first, the school that holds the rights to a game gets paid. In this case, that money would go to the Big XII.

As to the earlier comments, I'm thinking slowly this morning, so bear with me. And I repeat that I may misunderstand the situation. Here is my understanding.

Assuming OU and UT get $40 million a year each from the conference, they would have to pay the league $80 million each as penalty for leaving. As I understand it, that's separate from everything else. That's $160 million, or $20 million apiece for the 8 other league members. It is fair and accurate to characterize that as a one-time, short-term windfall.

Meanwhile, for the next three years -- through the 2024-25 season -- ISU's revenues will be consistent to what they've been receiving. The faucet doesn't stop producing water when the gardener announces plans to shut it off. It stops when the faucet actually is shut off. In this case, after the 2024-25 season with the departure of OU and UT.

Now, I don't think anyone believes the two will actually stay in the conference that long. But we don't know yet what the lawyers will do. (I am ignoring the possibility of the league suing anybody).

Bottom line is that in the long run, this is almost certainly bad for Iowa State financially. All other things being equal, ISU will be getting significantly less money from the conference after the two schools actually leave. But in the short run, ISU might actually get more.

Again, I am NOT denying that the departure of the two big dogs is a serious blow to ISU.
Except if OU and UT stay until 2025 and fulfill their obligations they owe the league nothing. They gave the proper notice they were leaving so wouldn't be penalized there either. They only get penalized if they leave before the GOR expire. That's why they set the departure date of 2025.
 
Where did you read that ESPN can renegotiate? I hadn't seen that anywhere.
Couple stories on the web. One stated it's standard in their contracts and another they did it to the AAC when UConn left for the Big East.

....
Sports Business Journal in June reported the presence of a “composition clause” in the AAC-ESPN deal, but it was unclear at the time whether ESPN would exercise its right to renegotiate the deal if UConn decided to leave.
....
the additions of Pittsburgh and Syracuse as ACC members triggered a composition clause in the existing agreement. This clause is designed to allow for both partners to address the value of the conference taking into account the change in membership.
....
but the network did manage to negotiate a “conference composition clause” that hedges against financial losses should the conference’s top brands leave before the expiration of the deal.
.....

Here's what Bowlsby said on the matter just after the new ESPN/FOX deal was struck:

ESPN: I haven't seen the physical TV contract the Big 12 just signed with Fox and ABC/ESPN for $2.6 billion over 13 years, but does it give you the flexibility to renegotiate for more money if you were to expand at some point?

BOWLSBY: Yes. It certainly accomodates that. It also references departures. That's just good business on our part, and good business on the part of Fox and ESPN
 
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So you are saying the FY 2019 report submitted to the Board of Regents is wrong? It states Iowa athletic revenues of $122 million. Iowa State is reported at $90 million.


Page 8 and page 13. If this isn't a trusted source, tell me what is.
Looks like the Iowa number reported to the Regents didn’t include $35M in donations.


numbers reported to the NCAA seem like it did.

different accounting methods maybe?

this gazette article cites the numbers reported by both schools to the ncaa - a national standard, not just a particular state board.


Iowa’s donations were up significantly - about 25% btw, from $27M to $36M. Iowa state’s dropped, from $19M to 17M, down over 10%. Both athletic departments were raising money in those years for stadium upgrades etc.

That’s a two to one difference in donations in 2019 alone.
 
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Looks like the Iowa number reported to the Regents didn’t include $35M in donations.


numbers reported to the NCAA seem like it did.

different accounting methods maybe?
That would explain it. Makes it harder to sort out. I wonder if certain donations go to the Foundation, like the facilities donations, while the donations tied to ticket privileges stays on the athletic department books.

On another note, while seeing if I could better understand what is going on, I found an old file from nearly 20 years ago. It turns out that I took screenshots of the athletic budget pages from the BoR reports and put them in a spreadsheet. That is the exact same thing I was doing yesterday using the same process, Iowa on the left, Iowa State on the right, with each year on a different tab. Then pulling the numbers off into a spreadsheet.
 
Except if OU and UT stay until 2025 and fulfill their obligations they owe the league nothing. They gave the proper notice they were leaving so wouldn't be penalized there either. They only get penalized if they leave before the GOR expire. That's why they set the departure date of 2025.
They still owe, according to the bylaws. Each team has to pay the equivalent of what their disbursement was the previous two years, which would come to around $80 million for OU and a bit more for UT.

That's a provision separate from the ones regarding advance notice and the guarantee of rights.

Of course. there are lawyers out there.....
 
Couple stories on the web. One stated it's standard in their contracts and another they did it to the AAC when UConn left for the Big East.

....
Sports Business Journal in June reported the presence of a “composition clause” in the AAC-ESPN deal, but it was unclear at the time whether ESPN would exercise its right to renegotiate the deal if UConn decided to leave.
....
the additions of Pittsburgh and Syracuse as ACC members triggered a composition clause in the existing agreement. This clause is designed to allow for both partners to address the value of the conference taking into account the change in membership.
....
but the network did manage to negotiate a “conference composition clause” that hedges against financial losses should the conference’s top brands leave before the expiration of the deal.
.....

Here's what Bowlsby said on the matter just after the new ESPN/FOX deal was struck:

ESPN: I haven't seen the physical TV contract the Big 12 just signed with Fox and ABC/ESPN for $2.6 billion over 13 years, but does it give you the flexibility to renegotiate for more money if you were to expand at some point?

BOWLSBY: Yes. It certainly accomodates that. It also references departures. That's just good business on our part, and good business on the part of Fox and ESPN
Thanks. First I'd heard of it. Makes sense.
 
So you are saying the FY 2019 report submitted to the Board of Regents is wrong? It states Iowa athletic revenues of $122 million. Iowa State is reported at $90 million.


Page 8 and page 13. If this isn't a trusted source, tell me what is.
That's easy: There is no trusted source. Because they all count different things different ways. I got my numbers from the Knight Commission.
 
That would explain it. Makes it harder to sort out. I wonder if certain donations go to the Foundation, like the facilities donations, while the donations tied to ticket privileges stays on the athletic department books.

On another note, while seeing if I could better understand what is going on, I found an old file from nearly 20 years ago. It turns out that I took screenshots of the athletic budget pages from the BoR reports and put them in a spreadsheet. That is the exact same thing I was doing yesterday using the same process, Iowa on the left, Iowa State on the right, with each year on a different tab. Then pulling the numbers off into a spreadsheet.
I have found the detailed NCAA reports for both schools. The numbers Lone Clone quoted are indeed what is reported to the NCAA.

In the coming days I hope to go through the NCAA reports and see if I can identify why the total revenues are different than the Board of Regents reports. I have no idea what I will learn but it should be enlightening. Or further confuse me.
 
That would explain why Stephens was named "Building of the Century" by the American Institute of Architects. They're a bunch of commies.

Too bad there is so much deferred maintenance; eventually it will be called “Building of the Cemetary”.
 
I have found the detailed NCAA reports for both schools. The numbers Lone Clone quoted are indeed what is reported to the NCAA.

In the coming days I hope to go through the NCAA reports and see if I can identify why the total revenues are different than the Board of Regents reports. I have no idea what I will learn but it should be enlightening. Or further confuse me.
All donations to Iowa are given directly to the UI Center for Advancement, which, unlike ISU's Foundation, is a separate 501(c)3, with separate governance. Thus, donations to UI Athletics very likely wouldn't appear as revenue for the athletic department. No accounting tricks, just increased transparency, and more assurance to donors that funds earmarked for particular initiatives will be used as intended. So that should explain why the numbers reported to the NCAA would include donations for ISU, but exclude those for Iowa. So you both are right, Lone Clone and Psyclone. But the most meaningful number for 2019 is this: Iowa's AD revenue was $152M, which has to have included over $30M in donations for Kinnick additions and other initiatives.

If I'm wrong about the above, I'll dress up in black and gold and try to crowd surf the ISU student section.

BlindMelonBlindMelon.jpg
 
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All donations to Iowa are given directly to the UI Center for Advancement, which, unlike ISU's Foundation, is a separate 501(c)3, with separate governance. Thus, donations to UI Athletics very likely wouldn't appear as revenue for the athletic department. No accounting tricks, just increased transparency, and more assurance to donors that funds earmarked for particular initiatives will be used as intended. So that should explain why the numbers reported to the NCAA would include donations for ISU, but exclude those for Iowa. So you both are right, Lone Clone and Psyclone. But the most meaningful number for 2019 is this: Iowa's AD revenue was $152M, which has to have included over $30M in donations for Kinnick additions and other initiatives.

If I'm wrong about the above, I'll dress up in black and gold and try to crowd surf the ISU student section.

BlindMelonBlindMelon.jpg
I'll learn more when I compare the reports, but looking at the reports to the regents, they both contain income attributed to Foundation support. They are roughly the same size for both schools, less than 10% difference. But I'm pretty sure there are way more donations to athletics or athletic facilities than is represented by that line item.

I'm hoping a review of the NCAA detailed reports against the regents reports will provide some insight, but it's possible the differences have nothing to do with donations. Whatever it is I will report what I learn when I finish my detective work.
 
I think some posters here are engaging in wishful thinking when discussing the future financial tribulations of the ISU athletics department. But you get your jollies where you can. This is still America.
Is it really “wishful thinking” or simply future reality? It will be interesting how it all plays out.
 
As mentioned couple of times above, BOR, State of Iowa, etc are not going to let ISU tank. Debt forgiveness, reallocation of money from Iowa to ISU, whatever. Taxpayers will wind up paying for ISU debt one way or another.
I hope not.
 
Reallocation from Iowa can't happen its against the Iowa Code.
Athletic departments are self sustaining, or are at least supposed to be. The BOR cannot allocate state funds for athletics, only approve bonds for facilities.

ISU athletic department is swimming in debt already. And now facing revenue cuts from being relegated to a mid-tier conference. I can’t imagine any major facility upgrades would have happened had the news of the B12’sdemotion come out two years ago.

What’s next for the BOR’s bond issuance for ISU then? How many more megatons of borrowed concrete can they keep pouring over and around Trice?

All those structures already have the curb appeal of Minsk McMansions.
 
Athletic departments are self sustaining, or are at least supposed to be. The BOR cannot allocate state funds for athletics, only approve bonds for facilities.

ISU athletic department is swimming in debt already. And now facing revenue cuts from being relegated to a mid-tier conference. I can’t imagine any major facility upgrades would have happened had the news of the B12’sdemotion come out two years ago.

What’s next for the BOR’s bond issuance for ISU then? How many more megatons of borrowed concrete can they keep pouring over and around Trice?

All those structures already have the curb appeal of Minsk McMansions.
What happened to the guy who started posting under this name? He was semi-serious and civil.

For the record, the UNI athletics program is supported by a significant amount of state (tax) money. Only ISU and SUI are required to be self-supporting, and that requirement is relatively recent.
 
Athletic departments are self sustaining, or are at least supposed to be. The BOR cannot allocate state funds for athletics, only approve bonds for facilities.

ISU athletic department is swimming in debt already. And now facing revenue cuts from being relegated to a mid-tier conference. I can’t imagine any major facility upgrades would have happened had the news of the B12’sdemotion come out two years ago.

What’s next for the BOR’s bond issuance for ISU then? How many more megatons of borrowed concrete can they keep pouring over and around Trice?

All those structures already have the curb appeal of Minsk McMansions.

This is what I still don't understand.

Lone clone or Psy, not trying to grave dance or anything, genuinely curious/confused:

Is the debt load as bad as this forum makes it seem? The numbers tossed around here had sources, and it seems like the ISU AD would be in a state of total panic trying to find a survival plan if realignment goes south.

What's ISU's prognosis if the worse case scenario plays out and ISU is essentially relegated to G5 football? Does the state bail them out and start treating them like UNI? It just seems like a devastating trail of evidence so far. What it appears like to me is they gambled a lot on trying to improve their facilities so they'd be ready for realignment, but UT and OU left ahead of schedule and damned them.
 
This is what I still don't understand.

Lone clone or Psy, not trying to grave dance or anything, genuinely curious/confused:

Is the debt load as bad as this forum makes it seem? The numbers tossed around here had sources, and it seems like the ISU AD would be in a state of total panic trying to find a survival plan if realignment goes south.

What's ISU's prognosis if the worse case scenario plays out and ISU is essentially relegated to G5 football? Does the state bail them out and start treating them like UNI? It just seems like a devastating trail of evidence so far. What it appears like to me is they gambled a lot on trying to improve their facilities so they'd be ready for realignment, but UT and OU left ahead of schedule and damned them.
I would just caution that the image of ISU athletics presented on a Hawkeye internet message board may not be entirely accurate. Whether ISU at some time in the future has to borrow money from the general fund, as Iowa did last year, is a question that really can't be answered now by anyone.
 
This is what I still don't understand.

Lone clone or Psy, not trying to grave dance or anything, genuinely curious/confused:

Is the debt load as bad as this forum makes it seem? The numbers tossed around here had sources, and it seems like the ISU AD would be in a state of total panic trying to find a survival plan if realignment goes south.

What's ISU's prognosis if the worse case scenario plays out and ISU is essentially relegated to G5 football? Does the state bail them out and start treating them like UNI? It just seems like a devastating trail of evidence so far. What it appears like to me is they gambled a lot on trying to improve their facilities so they'd be ready for realignment, but UT and OU left ahead of schedule and damned them.
The outlook is sunny. All the forever loyal and true Clone sports fans will pony up and pay that debt off like good fans. Maybe even a little extra for a truckload of hair gel for Campbell.
 
I would just caution that the image of ISU athletics presented on a Hawkeye internet message board may not be entirely accurate. Whether ISU at some time in the future has to borrow money from the general fund, as Iowa did last year, is a question that really can't be answered now by anyone.

I mean obviously, but I also haven't seen a shred of compelling evidence as to how they could survive the hit, that at least right now, is highly likely to be coming their way.

What a nothing burger of a response. You should join their staff, the Pollard speak is dead on.
 
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They still owe, according to the bylaws. Each team has to pay the equivalent of what their disbursement was the previous two years, which would come to around $80 million for OU and a bit more for UT.

That's a provision separate from the ones regarding advance notice and the guarantee of rights.

Of course. there are lawyers out there.....
So the Big 12 is like the Hotel California, you can check out any time you like but you can never leave (without paying a price). What kind of a deal is that? Even if you stay to the end of the contract you STILL owe a penalty to get out of a contract that has expired?
 
So the Big 12 is like the Hotel California, you can check out any time you like but you can never leave (without paying a price). What kind of a deal is that? Even if you stay to the end of the contract you STILL owe a penalty to get out of a contract that has expired?
The contract will not have expired. From the bylaws:

1.2.3 Agreement to Membership. Each Member agrees with the Conference and with each of the other Members to remain a member of the Conference for ninety-nine (99) years beginning July 1, 2012
 
I mean obviously, but I also haven't seen a shred of compelling evidence as to how they could survive the hit, that at least right now, is highly likely to be coming their way.

What a nothing burger of a response. You should join their staff, the Pollard speak is dead on.
Well, it was a nothing burger of a question.

We don't know the extent of the hit, for starters, and that's kinda important to providing a definitive answer. We don't know what conference affiliations are going to look like. We don't know what television contracts are going to be. We don't know what financial obligations are going to be.

What we DO know is that there is likely to be a financial hit and it isn't likely to come for at least four years.

I would say it might be possible to answer the question in a year, maybe sooner.
=============
EDIT: I don't mean to be snarky. Sorry.

Based on the last budgets, ISU's debt service is about 10 percent of its spending. If that is wallowing in debt, as some posters say, it is almost exactly the same as Iowa's, so there's that.

I am not an accountant and I don't have access to information, anyway.
 
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What happened to the guy who started posting under this name? He was semi-serious and civil.

For the record, the UNI athletics program is supported by a significant amount of state (tax) money. Only ISU and SUI are required to be self-supporting, and that requirement is relatively recent.
I wonder if ISU athletics will be back on the public dole if things pan out as badly as some predict.
 
Well, it was a nothing burger of a question.

We don't know the extent of the hit, for starters, and that's kinda important to providing a definitive answer. We don't know what conference affiliations are going to look like. We don't know what television contracts are going to be. We don't know what financial obligations are going to be.

What we DO know is that there is likely to be a financial hit and it isn't likely to come for at least four years.

I would say it might be possible to answer the question in a year, maybe sooner.
=============
EDIT: I don't mean to be snarky. Sorry.

Based on the last budgets, ISU's debt service is about 10 percent of its spending. If that is wallowing in debt, as some posters say, it is almost exactly the same as Iowa's, so there's that.

I am not an accountant and I don't have access to information, anyway.

I think my question invites worthy discussion. It's not like we are speculating whether these liabilities exist, they are public information.

Obviously no one can be the fly on the wall in the meeting rooms and know exactly what's going on, but plenty of average joes work in finance and are seeing some very real and serious red flags. I think there is a lot to be skeptical about and not a lot to be optimistic about, was wondering if there was anything concrete out there showing otherwise, because I understand the tremendous slant a forum like this has.
 
This is what I still don't understand.

Lone clone or Psy, not trying to grave dance or anything, genuinely curious/confused:

Is the debt load as bad as this forum makes it seem? The numbers tossed around here had sources, and it seems like the ISU AD would be in a state of total panic trying to find a survival plan if realignment goes south.

What's ISU's prognosis if the worse case scenario plays out and ISU is essentially relegated to G5 football? Does the state bail them out and start treating them like UNI? It just seems like a devastating trail of evidence so far. What it appears like to me is they gambled a lot on trying to improve their facilities so they'd be ready for realignment, but UT and OU left ahead of schedule and damned them.
I don't have a full picture of the debt. Although some numbers have been thrown around on this board, I need to see the financial report before accepting them as fact. No offense intended for those that have posted numbers.

All I have seen is the debt service figures, which appear reasonable. They are less than Iowa's debt service.

What I don't know without more details is if that level of debt service is paying down the balance and at what rate. Or if the payment schedule increases in the future. I kind of doubt that debt service is hiding any horrific terms, but I honestly don't know.
 
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What happened to the guy who started posting under this name? He was semi-serious and civil.

For the record, the UNI athletics program is supported by a significant amount of state (tax) money. Only ISU and SUI are required to be self-supporting, and that requirement is relatively recent.
I apologize for hurt feelings, but I just so happen to detest concrete, and I think the buildings around Jack Trice, as well as the stadium, and all the acres and acres of concrete, are just doubleplusungood, and it’s Orwellian to spin it otherwise.

I hated the old hancher and school of music, and was happy it flooded, as I said earlier.

The UI school of law building is also a piece of sh*t. Looks like a B Movie UFO crash landed. Ugly and barely functional. The friggin HVAC draws air through ALL the ceiling tiles, making them as dirty as your air filters at home, or a cigarette butt. Idiotic. Hope it gets hit by a meteorite at 3am when no ones there. And I bet most of the faculty do too if they can get their personal property out beforehand.

GREAT law school though, and great faculty, don’t get me wrong. They deserve a beautiful building, like the college of public health got some years back, on a similar hill overlooking the Iowa River.

True story: about 15 years ago I was complaining about the college of law building (and hancher and music school) at a Greg Brown concert at the Mill with a friend. An old guy turned around and said he designed the law building. All I could do was laugh and shake my head. He expected an apology. I hated what he perpetuated on the campus and city way too much to lie to him and moderate my words. Wonder where he studied architecture. Not Iowa for sure. Good thing he wasn’t packing heat too. He was a small guy with a big head anyway.

“Ugliness is a sin”
- Frank Lloyd Wright
 
I apologize for hurt feelings, but I just so happen to detest concrete, and I think the buildings around Jack Trice, as well as the stadium, and all the acres and acres of concrete, are just doubleplusungood, and it’s Orwellian to spin it otherwise.

I hated the old hancher and school of music, and was happy it flooded, as I said earlier.

The UI school of law building is also a piece of sh*t. Looks like a B Movie UFO crash landed. Ugly and barely functional. The friggin HVAC draws air through ALL the ceiling tiles, making them as dirty as your air filters at home, or a cigarette butt. Idiotic. Hope it gets hit by a meteorite at 3am when no ones there. And I bet most of the faculty do too if they can get their personal property out beforehand.

GREAT law school though, and great faculty, don’t get me wrong. They deserve a beautiful building, like the college of public health got some years back, on a similar hill overlooking the Iowa River.

True story: about 15 years ago I was complaining about the college of law building (and hancher and music school) at a Greg Brown concert at the Mill with a friend. An old guy turned around and said he designed the law building. All I could do was laugh and shake my head. He expected an apology. I hated what he perpetuated on the campus and city way too much to lie to him and moderate my words. Wonder where he studied architecture. Not Iowa for sure. Good thing he wasn’t packing heat too. He was a small guy with a big head anyway.

“Ugliness is a sin”
- Frank Lloyd Wright
It is amazing how little 'smart people' know about how HVAC functions. Currently looking to get one of our contracted architects(smart people) banned from working on any of our projects. My Dad was always my resource and the stories that he had about some of the systems at Iowa made me shake my head.
 
It is amazing how little 'smart people' know about how HVAC functions. Currently looking to get one of our contracted architects(smart people) banned from working on any of our projects. My Dad was always my resource and the stories that he had about some of the systems at Iowa made me shake my head.
The children's hspital continues to be a nightmare.
 
The children's hspital continues to be a nightmare.
The construction company for the children’s hospital has done some, let’s say, eyebrow raising stuff. The design, though, is wonderful. A beautiful building aesthetically. And The Wave is one of the best things not just about CFB, but sports in general.
 
I apologize for hurt feelings, but I just so happen to detest concrete, and I think the buildings around Jack Trice, as well as the stadium, and all the acres and acres of concrete, are just doubleplusungood, and it’s Orwellian to spin it otherwise.

I hated the old hancher and school of music, and was happy it flooded, as I said earlier.

The UI school of law building is also a piece of sh*t. Looks like a B Movie UFO crash landed. Ugly and barely functional. The friggin HVAC draws air through ALL the ceiling tiles, making them as dirty as your air filters at home, or a cigarette butt. Idiotic. Hope it gets hit by a meteorite at 3am when no ones there. And I bet most of the faculty do too if they can get their personal property out beforehand.

GREAT law school though, and great faculty, don’t get me wrong. They deserve a beautiful building, like the college of public health got some years back, on a similar hill overlooking the Iowa River.

True story: about 15 years ago I was complaining about the college of law building (and hancher and music school) at a Greg Brown concert at the Mill with a friend. An old guy turned around and said he designed the law building. All I could do was laugh and shake my head. He expected an apology. I hated what he perpetuated on the campus and city way too much to lie to him and moderate my words. Wonder where he studied architecture. Not Iowa for sure. Good thing he wasn’t packing heat too. He was a small guy with a big head anyway.

“Ugliness is a sin”
- Frank Lloyd Wright
I've always been astounded at the building designs Iowa has chosen....the Dental Building is an eyesore too. They started with the Pentacrest...beautiful classic buildings that really fit the school. They should have at least made an attempt to maintain that level of class and timeless beauty. Instead we got the law building, the laser center, the dental building....all attempts to make a building look like something else (scroll, fish, molar). Just stupid, ugly and a complete departure from the history of the school.
 
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The construction company for the children’s hospital has done some, let’s say, eyebrow raising stuff. The design, though, is wonderful. A beautiful building aesthetically. And The Wave is one of the best things not just about CFB, but sports in general.
I don't disagree with that. As for the ISU buildings, it's a matter of personal taste. I think Stephens is majestic and I've always loved the look of Hilton. I haven't seen the new Hancher. The old one was extremely functional but looked like a two-car garage.

I won't comment on the law school. Don't want to get sued.
 
I don't disagree with that. As for the ISU buildings, it's a matter of personal taste. I think Stephens is majestic and I've always loved the look of Hilton. I haven't seen the new Hancher. The old one was extremely functional but looked like a two-car garage.

I won't comment on the law school. Don't want to get sued.
They should have used a little more concrete in some of those buildings. Two or three of the smaller ones have the curve at the top made of wood painted to look like concrete. Hilton is concrete. Those buildings with the wood look terrible when it's time to be repainted, which happens to be now.

I get the comment about concrete, but I personally like Hilton. I think it looks majestic with pillars. When they talk about upgrades, like the concourse expansion which will move windows out to where the pillars are, I worry. I think it should look okay and maybe even better when it's done. The plans they had when they were going to put new practice facilities nearby had me worried. It would ruin the vista with somewhat ordinary buildings. I'm glad the basketball practice facility was built in a different location. Future plans have other practice facilities in the corners of the entertainment district. But of course that is subject to change if that project gets the go-ahead.
 
The contract will not have expired. From the bylaws:

1.2.3 Agreement to Membership. Each Member agrees with the Conference and with each of the other Members to remain a member of the Conference for ninety-nine (99) years beginning July 1, 2012
But if you are Texas that means nothing. Big Daddy got deeeeeeep pockets.
 
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